Clifford s Views On Religion - 1488 Words

Clifford makes an excellent point that we should take into consideration all beliefs and ethics. But his philosophy that â€Å"it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence† is a little harsh for me. On the other hand James’ more faith-filled philosophy based on his view of religion, recognizing facts and the truth and how the choices we make in our lives effect us everyday are some of the more relatable ethics that we can apply in our daily lives and to give us some guidance in a life full of so many choices. As we know many people have a stance on religion just like WK Clifford who has a very strong view about religion, but some do not agree. William James for examples thinks that, Clifford’s principles should be not to be applied to religious beliefs because as he points out moral questions cannot simply be settled by the facts. James argues that we have a right to believe in some cases, when supporting evidence may be lacking. James sees the basic idea of religion as having two parts that the best things are the eternal things, and that you will be better off in the here and now if you believe this. An example of something we almost all believe in without sufficient evidence, is the emotions we feel often every day. The many emotions we feel everyday such as happiness, anger, or even sympathy are very often morally relevant to us. Emotions are not settled by facts we just feel them and for sometimes no reason at all. LikeShow MoreRelatedDoes Clifford Offer a Convincing View of Religious Faith1803 Words   |  8 PagesDoes Clifford offer a convincing view of religious faith? In his article â€Å"The Ethics of Belief (Clifford, 1877) W.K. Clifford sought to argue that â€Å"it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence† (as cited on p190). The aim of this essay is to establish whether indeed this view offered by Clifford, when considering religious faith, is convincing. In order to do this I will consider the arguments that Clifford put forward, including that which toRead MoreDefining Religion1029 Words   |  5 PagesWhen searching for the meaning of the term religion one most go a long way in making an extensive search to actually form a definition that can fit such a broad word. There is no one definition that can satisfy all religions and remain true to all religions throughout its answer. There are many different views and definitions of the word and it is very hard to come up with a reasonable definition that sums such a massive expression up. Religion when used as a single word is almost im possible to defineRead MoreThe Will You Believe By William James1424 Words   |  6 Pages In the essay â€Å"The Will to Believe†, William James criticizes the views of W.K Clifford, who held the belief that no one should ever go beyond evidence when forming an opinion. James thinks that our reasoning has to sometimes use other considerations apart from what the evidence points to. He claims that if our primary aim is to have true beliefs, then we sometimes have to take the risk of believing without strong evidence and let our passion decide or we are guaranteed to believe in the wrongRead MoreThe Revival of Indigenous Movements1862 Words   |  7 Pagesrelic of the past, although relativists and cultural realists like Clifford Geertz have always been able to accept cultures and ways of life on their own terms rather than trying to fit them into rigid laws and frameworks of social and economic development. Even Durkheim and Marx, who regarded urban, industrial capitalism as producing a society of anomie, alienation and isolated individuals did not advocate a return to traditional religion or the feudal or tribal past, but instead for progress towardRead MoreThe American Colonies : How They Shaped Societies And Politics1242 Words   |  5 PagesMatthew Blake Kimberly Taft History 131 24 July 2015 Religion in the American Colonies: How They Shaped Societies and Politics. The main reason so many immigrants fled from Europe was to free themselves from religious persecution. They were being forced to either believe a certain way or pay for a specific religion to be in their country, they were not allowed to believe or practice their beliefs openly without detriment of some sort. The New World was new and had endless possibility and opportunityRead MoreBuddhism : Buddhism Vs. Christianity1247 Words   |  5 Pagesan active role in religion. According to Clifford Geertz, religion can be defined as â€Å"a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive and long lasting moods and motivations in both men and women by formulating conceptions of general order of existence†. Every religion has some assembly of rituals and/or symbols that help form and shape its practices. However, do some religions have more rituals and symbols than others? When comparing Buddhism to my own religion, Christianity, BuddhismRead MoreAnalysis Of Meanings A nd Concepts Of Culture Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pagescapacity to influence the human behaviour. This takes us back to the ancient Greece, where culture was something you could only learn and so possible only to the upper range population. An important definition of cultures that from the anthropologist Clifford Geertz, whereby culture is a structure of meanings historically transmitted in a system of conceptions inherited expressed in symbolic forms with which people communicate, perpetuate and develop their own knowledge and their attitudes toward lifeRead MoreDo Religion, Spirituality And Health Concepts Have Any Relationship?1632 Words   |  7 PagesDo religion, spirituality and health concepts have any relationship? This this the question that comes to mind when measuring influence of religious identity and participation in health and illness responses. A lot of controversies were noted due to lack of consensus when researchers attempted to define and conceptualize religion (Koenig, King Carson, 2012). Online search through publications such as, online dictionary, CINAHL Plus, E-Journal yielded distinctive, but unrelated results. Merriam-WebsterRead MoreThe Reason Why La Tomatina893 Words   |  4 Pagesit is messy and people get hurt if they slip over. In this special celebration, there is no political or religion importance to La Tomatina. In 1980, the organization of the festival became the responsibility of the town. Soon this celebration became internationally considerable and highly broadcasted by the use of international media. In the beginning, it was forbidden in the early 1950 s but people spoke and the celebration was allowed with more contestants and more frenetic feelings. The festivityRead MoreEssay on John Adams and Thomas Jefferson1726 Words   |  7 Pages Adams and Jefferson shared the same view in advocating for reconciliation and calling for Americans to stand up for their independence because they both believed that the country could not be able to progress under ruling of Britain.[3] Adams and Jefferson also together supported the bill of rights in order to protect citizens and other government’s members from presidents’ having limitless power and becoming â€Å"tyrants.†[4] The many common political views shared between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson

The Case Against Passing a Law or Bill that Would Allow...

America was founded on the ideals of freedom. Written into the first amendment of the constitution is the basic right to freedom of speech, press, protest, and religion. However, where does one draw the line to how far these freedoms can go? Are they limitless, or should they be regulated? In reality, the regulation of these freedoms is necessary, otherwise they could be interpreted and used in many different ways that are potentially detrimental. The main complication is how far to let these rights stretch, and when they must be cut off. As of late, there have been many issues regarding the idea of freedom of religion. Bills are popping up across the country that would allow businesses to deny service to anyone or any group that†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"If business owners in Arizona wanted to deny service to gays, they could do so in most of the state under current law.† In the same respect, people in support feel that even if a business were to deny service to a p erson, there would be plenty of other businesses willing to serve them. Another common belief is that these laws are similar to Jim Crow laws, and have pre civil right movement ideals. Supporters of the bill argue that Jim Crow laws are forced discrimination laws, and the new laws are nothing more than the ability to deny to violate religious beliefs. They believe that religious practices and discrimination do not go hand in hand with one another, and that the ability to practice your religion freely is the most important aspect at play. On the other hand, opposers of the bill believe very differently. Many believe that the law is being passed as not only a reason and license to discriminate against gay people, but against any people who’s lifestyles they disagree with. This view sees the idea of â€Å"religious freedom† as an excuse to have bigoted attitudes towards certain individuals. These laws are often compared to pre-civil rights movements laws, meaning they sep arate people based on differences. GeneShow MoreRelatedWhy Should Pass The Bills And Policies That Promote Equal Treatment Of Equality917 Words   |  4 PagesThe debate of whether to pass the bills and policies that promote equal treatment of lesbians, gay, bisexual, transgender, and the queer (LGBTQ) community has been trending across nations. People refer to fundamental human rights like the freedom of speech and association, liberty, and equal treatment in court as civil rights, because they are fundamental rights that each and every citizen should not be denied on the basis of their sex, race, or religious belief. Though it has been proven thatRead MoreThe Controversy Of Laramie, Wyoming1735 Words   |  7 Pages Laramie, Wyoming is known as a mostly conservative, republican party majority, which is why there were no hate crime laws that had to deal with sexual orientation or gender identity. Republicans typically were Christians meaning they were against homosexuality and believed it was very wrong. The Laramie officials did not pass any law for about ten years, which showed the Laramie community that their own government did not approve of homosexuals. The government in Laramie is a major influence onRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage 962 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Family†. This included a family who owned a large home with a white fence. Inside you would find a flawless housewife, a hard working husband who puts bread on the table, and perfectly groomed caucasian children who can do no harm. Over time, this image has been altered a bit. The children may have darkened a bit and may have no longer been caucasian because of laws passing interracial marriages around the 20th century due to Loving V. Virginia (Melina Patria). By the 1960s, the women’s rightsRead MoreThe Battle Of War Of 19161456 Words   |  6 Pagesimplemented. A revision of the Articles of War of 1806, the new regulations detail statutes governing U.S. military discipline and justice. Under the category Miscellaneous Crimes and Offences, Article 93 states that any person subject to military law who commits assault with intent to commit sodomy shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. 1919 – Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt requests an investigation into vice and depravity in the sea services. A sting operationRead More The Same Sex Marriage Debate Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesThe Same Sex Marriage Debate The controversial debate over whether same sex marriage should be legalized has gained a lot of attention in recent years and there are strong arguments for each side of the issue. There are many different factors that must be looked at when considering same-sex marriage. A marriage is not something that is just slapped on a piece of paper to show a couples love; it involves legal, social, economic, and spiritual issues. Throughout this essay, I intend to focusRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage1478 Words   |  6 PagesSame-Sex Marriage: The Problems with DOMA and the Pursuit for Equality Believe it or not, same-sex marriage has been around since ancient times. At least two Roman Emperors, Nero and Elagabalus, were in gay unions. It wasn’t until the advent of Christianity that the practice of same sex marriage was out-lawed by the emperors Constantius II and Constans in 342 AD and has continued to be through-out most of the world until the twenty-first century (Boswell 83). With the advent of gay rights movementRead MoreThe Debate Over The Method Of Constitutional Interpretation1556 Words   |  7 Pagesconstructionists argue that the interpretation of the Constitution must be based off of what is plainly written in the Constitution- nothing more and nothing less. The purpose of the Founding Fathers in 1787 was to construct a document that they believed would help pave the way for the American government for as long as the country stood. Many argue that it must be respected for the way it was initially written and be followed accordingly, even if our countr y’s society has since evolved. However, the UnitedRead MoreGay Marriage Right or Wrong3385 Words   |  14 PagesGay Marriage: Right or Wrong? Kristina Waltmire SOC 120 Introduction to Ethics Social Responsibility June 13, 2011 Dr. Eva M. Ananiewicz Ashford University Abstract This paper will give a look into the religious, social ethics, and rights of a gay couple wanting to get married. Gay marriage debates are very emotional and important to many people and there are many sides to every argument. Religious leaders want to state what the bible is saying and saying that same-sex marriage isRead MoreLgbt Rights Movement For Lgbt Adults1809 Words   |  8 Pages This summer, the Supreme Court states that gay and lesbian Americans have the right to get married. This is certainly an important step in the new Civil Rights movement for LGBT equality, and has led to a more perfect United States. However, LGBT people are still not completely free from discrimination and abuse, there is much more society can, and should do, in order to advance LGBT equality. In order to advance the cause of LGBT equality, society must create and enforce federal LGBT worker protectionsRead MoreSame Sex Marriage: a Conflict of Views2256 Words   |  10 PagesHonors Same-Sex Marriage: A Conflict of Views Throughout time marriage equality for same-sex couples has been non-existent. Now, gay rights are at the forefront of political and social reform. Same-sex marriage has recently become a fiercely debated topic; however, only nine states allow same-sex marriage and only a few allow domestic partnerships, because of religion, generational differences, and the general and voting public that still denounce it, marriage equality is a natural right

Attractting Audience for the Popular Cultural Sample for Students

Questions: 1.Explain in your own words the Purpose of the Research. 2.Explain in your own words the Specific Research Question being Investigated. 3.Explain in your own words what Justifications have been provided for undertaking the Research. 4.Explain in your own words the Epistemology Underpinnings of the Research. 5.Explain in your own words the Theoretical Perspective of the Research. Answers: The first research paper R. Penfold-Mounce, D. Beer and R. Burrows (2011), article The wire as social science-fiction?in the journal of Sociology,volume 45(1), pages 152 to 167(Penfold-Mounce, 2011). It covers analysis of a HBO television series The Wire which is based on cultures of various sociological imaginations. Hence this journal reviews and analyses various cultural concepts as well as sociological ideas. 1.Toombs (2012) article, Ethical research for Indigenous people by Indigenous researchers. In the journal ofAboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal,volume 36(1), pages 24(Toombs, 2012). The scope of this research work confirms with various indigenous research in Australia. Instances have depicted various unethical considerations that has impacted non-compliance of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people intellectual property rights(Ens, 2012). 2.In the first study conducted the specific research question that is being catered to is related to society and culture. The purpose of this research is to attract audience to the popular cultural examples prevailing that impact sociological lifestyles. A character Snoops behavior is illustrated to depict broader understanding. In the second research, the study pertains to the understanding and analysis of Aboriginal culture and non-adherence of their rights. The researchs aim and objectives focuses to develop principles that might entail development of relationship with Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander people. This study exposes the various unethical. 3.Culture prevalent has a great impact on society, as types of cultures and it beliefs mainly governs sociological practices and other factors(Sherwood, 2010). The Aboriginal and Islander Strait people have been for long exposed to various types of misery and ill-treatment. Their properties have also been destroyed multiple times by miners and developers in the area leading to overriding of their property rights. 4.While both the journals are related to social sciences their epistemology way of research explains and justifies the rationality beyond each belief. Both the topics aims to research and establish the truths behind them. While the previous case of sociological research establishes the cultural impact on society. The problem statement from both the researches has been justified by means of collecting data and information from various sources secondary as well as primary in nature in order to arrive at results. In the sociological research to establish facts regarding its cultural predominance there is analysis of various facts and pertinent data search. Findings pertaining to the study have only been established upon careful observation and analysis of data. Epistemology forms underpinning of the research work as the roots of the study has been examined and analyzed. In the second journal as well the scholar attempts to arrive at the research findings and analysis upon careful observ ation and data gathering of various information(Gorman, 2009). In order to arrive at the results for the study various cases of un-authenticated use of Aboriginal and Islander Strait peoples property and other rights. Hence the study aims to establish relevant findings and analysis with respect to this area such that the non-adherence of principles can be established. 5.Both the research has been conducted on practical situation but has a theoretical perspective. The other journal establishes the facets facing Aboriginals and Islander Strait people. In both the cases truth have been researched and established in the journals which led to attending of the research aims and objectives(Bull, 2010). The study draws on practices examples and relevant analysis form the area such that the study aims can be established. The research in social aspects establishes concrete understanding and analysis relevant to areas which reflects sociological impacts. References Bull, J.R., 2010. Research with aboriginal peoples: authentic relationships as a precursor to ethical research.Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics,5(4), pp.13-22. Ens, E.J., Finlayson, M., Preuss, K., Jackson, S. and Holcombe, S., 2012. Australian approaches for managing countryusing Indigenous and non?Indigenous knowledge.Ecological Management Restoration,13(1), pp.100-107. Gorman, D. and Toombs, M., 2009. Matching research methodology with Australian indigenous culture.aboriGiNal aND islaNDer health worker jourNal,33(3), p.4. Penfold-Mounce, R., Beer, D. and Burrows, R., 2011. The wire as social science-fiction?.Sociology,45(1), pp.152-167. Sherwood, J., 2010.Do no harm: decolonising Aboriginal health research(Doctoral dissertation, University of New South Wales). Toombs, M., 2012. Ethical research for Indigenous people by Indigenous researchers.Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal,36(1), p.24.

When I Met My Best Friend free essay sample

There are many ways friends meet there best friends. Some meet them accidental and some it was destiny. But meeting my best friend was really funny. Her name is Leslie. We have hilarious moments together. We both know we can’t stay mad at each other. But most of all we both love each other like blood sisters. I moved to Corona my last month of my freshman year. I was sad because I didn’t know anybody in all my new classes. Except my sister who was a freshman too. I wanted somebody to talk to besides my sister. We both wanted a new friend. Two days pasted and my sister met a girl who was ok but I didn’t really get along with her. So for lunch I just walked all around school until the bell rang for 4th period. One day in first period, Mrs. Shieh (my teacher) told the class to get into groups of three. We will write a custom essay sample on When I Met My Best Friend or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While I was looking for a group everybody else got into their groups. I was walking around the class and seeing who didn’t had a third person. The someone reached over and poked me saying if I wanted to be in her group. I said â€Å"yes, thank you. In that group there was three girls including me. But one of the two girls was really nice and friendly to me. When classed ended I forgot to ask what was her name. After fifth period, I met up with my sister and walked in together to sixth period. Mr. Smith assigned us a grouped to work with. When I got to my group I saw her there. I told her hey didn’t even ask you for your name. she said: My name is Leslie. † I said. â€Å"It’s nice to meet you again Leslie. † We started talking when out of no where a boy named Jessie joined the our conversation. He told Leslie and me that he was Jewish. I said,† How the Hades are you Jewish. You look full on Mexican. † Everybody in the class started laughing. Even Jessie himself started laughing. But that was a long time ago. Now we both Seniors getting ready to graduate. We think back when the Jessie comment happened and we both start laughed thinking that’s how we actually met. We have been through think and thin. She is like another sister to me. I love to death. We also think back at the dumb stuff we did together. For example when we were both in night school. Before going in the class we used to call my boyfriend and ask him if he can bring us two Coca-Cola‘s, sour worms, and 2 bags of chips. We both knew couldn’t eat in there. But like always we didn’t care. We never got in trouble because we always did our work. There are a lot of adventure Leslie and I had and still have. Finding a friend is nice. But finding a friend like Leslie and considering her like your own blood is better. That is called a best friend. I hope that after high school we keep contact. In that case so we can continue having adventures together like we did in our high school years.

2A Time Management (1) Essays - Time Management, Telecommuting

2A Time Management (1) Essays - Time Management, Telecommuting Time Management Look at the following list of activities. On a typical day, which of the following do you do? Rate' the activities in terms of how much time you spend doing them: 1 I spend TOO MUCH TIME on this! 2 I spend an APPROPRIATE/ THE NECESSARY amount of time on this 3 I DON'T SPEND ENOUGH TIME on this! SHOWER GET DRESSED HAVE BREAKFAST HAVE CLASS HAVE LUNCH HAVE DINNER WASH THE DISHES CHECK FACEBOOK/ TWITTER etc etc CALL YOUR PARENTS SPEND TIME WITH YOUR GIRLFRIEND/ BOYFRIEND GO TO THE GYM/ DO SPORT PLAY COMPUTER GAMES MEET FRIENDS FOR COFFEE GO OUT IN THE EVENING (PUB/ CLUB ETC) GO TO THE SUPERMARKET STUDY (HOMEWORK) WORK (PART-TIME JOB) WALK/ GET THE BUS/ CYCLE FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER TIDY UP YOUR HOUSE/ BEDROOM DO YOUR LAUNDRY WATCH TV SLEEP Time management strategies When we plan a day, we tend to think about the big' things (work, class, night out) and forget that we have to do little' things (eat, shower, do laundry...), which also take up time. It is extremely important for you to organise your time, especially when you no longer have your parents around to tell you (nag you!) what to do and when to do it! Of course, life is not all about studying BUT when you sign up'for a degree, investment in your future life). So you must ensure that you make time for study. As the semester progresses, not only will you have to attend class, but you will also have assignments to do; you are CHOOSING (and paying!!) to make study an important part of your life When you plan your time, it is also important to think about the impact one activity might have on another. For example, if you play computer games/ go out drinking until 3am, you may find it difficult to get up/ concentrate/ function the next day... So you need to learn to PLAN and PRIORITISE. This means being REALISTIC and HONEST! Here are SOME ways which can help you get the best out of your time (I am not suggesting they are all suitable/ appropriate/ successful for everyone - There are many strategies - find the one(s) which works for you) Keep a diary Write a daily/ weekly list of things you have to do. PRIORITISE YOUR ACTIVITIES - make a list in order of importance. TICK /CROSS THEM OFF AS YOU COMPLETE THEM (this gives you a sense of achievement, which is motivating) Multi -task WHEN APPROPRIATE!!! ( eg check Facebook while you are on the bus; while you're watching TV, do your ironing etc ) Complete one thing at a time; where possible, start an activity and finish it before starting another Reward yourself for completing a task - alternate between work and pleasure - make the reward up front and don't skimp out Study when you are most alert (be HONEST!) Avoid late nights when you have an early start Set time limits for your activities (all of them!) - set alarms for time up'! (and, where necessary, allow time for unavoidable delays)

Essay on Chapter 11

Essay on Chapter 11 Essay on Chapter 11 Chapter 11 Preparing a Document for Prepress and Printing Objectives Explore color theory and resolution issues Work in CMYK mode Specify spot colors Create crop marks Create bleeds Save file as a PDF Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues Energy from the sun hits the earth in waves: X-rays Gamma rays Ultraviolet rays Visual light rays (white light) Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues White light broken down into seven distinct colors (as seen in a rainbow) Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues Colors in visible spectrum can be broken into red, green, and blue (primary colors). – Primary colors cannot be reduced – Additive refers to the fact that the primary colors combine to produce other colors – Red, green, and blue, when combined equally, produce white light – True black is the absence of all light Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues White light Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues Subtractive primary colors Three things can happen when light strikes an object: – Reflection – when light ‘bounces’ off the object – Absorption – when light is not reflected – Transmission – when light passes through an object Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues Depending on physical properties of object, varying amounts of light are reflected, absorbed, and transmitted. Red, green, and blue light not reflected in equal amounts. Color is based on percentages of red, green, and blue reflected, and the color that combination of light produces. Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues Cyan, magenta, and yellow are called subtractive primary colors. Each is produced by removing or subtracting one of the primary colors completely. Overlapping all three pigments would absorb all colors. Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues Cyan is â€Å"minus red† Magenta is â€Å"minus green† Yellow is â€Å"minus blue† Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues Color printing uses the three subtractive primary colors plus black to produce a color image or tint. The standard color for paper is white. Cyan, magenta, and yellow are manufactured to be transparent. The color you see on a printed page is light reflected off the page. Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues The color of the printed image is reflected off the paper, not the inks Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues CMYK inks (process inks) are not perfect. Ability to transmit light not perfect. In theory, overlapping all three inks should produce black because no light would be reflected. Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues The image on the left was printed with only CMY inks Black inks add contrast and depth to image on the image on the right Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues Illustrator is a vector-based drawing program. Graphics you create are called vector graphics. Vector graphics are resolution independent because they are not comprised of pixels. You can resize vector graphics without any concern for quality. Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues You can convert vector graphics to bitmap graphics by a process called rasterization. Bitmaps are comprised of a rectangular grid of colored squares called pixels. Pixels is short for picture elements. Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues Images composed of pixels include: Scanned images Digital images Rasterized Illustrator graphics Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues The number of pixels in a given inch is referred to as the image’s resolution. To be effective they must create the illusion of continuous tone. Explore Color Theory and Resolution Issues Effective resolution refers to the resolution of a placed image based on its size in the layout. Relevant only to bitmap graphics because vector graphics do not have pixels. Explore Color Theory and Resolution

International Marketing( Pizza hut in China) Essay

International Marketing( Pizza hut in China) - Essay Example success story due to the specialized and far sighted strategies followed by the company in expanding its business into the high potential market of China. Pizza Hut is one of the most famous fast food centres specialized in a wide variety of pizzas with different crusts and toppings. Pizza Hut is based in Texas and is the largest pizza restaurant in the world. There are more than 7500 Pizza Hut restaurants in the United States alone. The company also operates more than 5600 Pizza Hut restaurants in almost 100 countries in different corners of the world. The first fast food restaurant of Pizza Hut was opened in 1958 in Kansas by two brothers named Frank Karney and Dan Karney. The company followed a franchisee based strategy to expand its operations (Bradley, 1999, p.118). The first franchisee of Pizza Hut was opened in Topeka region of Kansas. After the opening up of this franchisee, the company continued to grow in terms of size, popularity as well as scale of operations. The company currently has more than 8000 units of food chains operating across different countries in the globe. The company introduced the delivery system in 1988 a fter which the sales of the company were boosted to a high extent, especially in the United States. Apart from a variety of pizzas, Pizza Hut also offers other fast food items like Garlic bread, chicken wings, soups, pastas, nachos, cornitos and lasagnes in its menu. The company offers a wide range of food items and is famous for its excellent quality and efficient services provided to the customers. Pizza Hut emerged as a highly popular fast food company in the United States. After the success in their home country, the company focused on expanding their operations in other suitable international markets to tap in new opportunities and increase their revenues and customer base. The high market growth and profitability of Pizza Hut in the domestic market provided the company with the necessary backup and resources to internationalize

Reasons for European Economic Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reasons for European Economic Crisis - Essay Example The essay "Reasons for European Economic Crisis" overviews the reasons for European Economic crisis such as imbalances in international trade, inappropriate and inflexible monetary policy, increasing levels of households, banks, and governments debts, confidence loss in the economic system. The European economic crisis started in 2007 and was preceded by a considerably long duration of low-risk premiums, the growth of real estate bubbles, abundant liquidity, and fast credit growth. The economic misfortunes sequence that began in 2002 created a fiscal dilemma in Europe that included spiraling debt by the governments and banks of a number of European states. Some economists and policy analysts believe that the uncontrolled or unregulated debt resulted to the fiscal quandary that went beyond normal proportions. About 20 European states were in debt as of 2012 and this compounded the problem of European economic crisis because they have closely connected economies and shares a monetary currency. What has been of greater concerns to many analysts is how Europe got into the crisis in the first place. It is believed that focus on social welfare and irresponsibility by some European states evidenced by heavy borrowing and not paying heed to the balance of payment are main facto rs that led to the crisis. This paper will explain in details the reasons for European Economic crisis. Musialkowska and Wroblewski point out that no doubt the European economic crisis was as a result of a combination of various complex factors.

Financial Terms Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Financial Terms Worksheet Essay Understanding health care financial terms is a prerequisite for both academic and professional success. This assignment is intended to ensure you understand some of the basic terms used in this course. Complete the worksheet below according to the following guidelines: In the space provided, write each term’s definition as used in health care management. You must define the term in your own words. In the space provided after each term’s definition, summarize a health care management scenario that illustrates the importance of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool to which the term refers. In the scenario, you may wish to consider the following: Why the skill, concept, procedure, or tool is necessary for accurate record keeping, operational efficiency, excellent patient services, employee management, regulatory compliance, reducing costs, forecasting, and so forth Successes enabled by an adequate understanding or appropriate application of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool Risks or failures associated with an inadequate understanding or inappropriate application of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool Save the completed worksheet as a Microsoft ® Word document with your name in the file name. Submit the file to your instructor. Worksheet Submitted By: Keila Quintanila [Type your name here.] Term Definition Scenario Balance sheet A fiscal statement that summarizes a companys assets, liabilities, shareholders equity at a specific point in time and net worth. This statement will display if the organization is in good fiscal standing or not and if they can meet their long-term fiscal responsibilities. The director asked for the titles of the four financial statements that included in an audited financial report, which are the following: Balance Sheet statement, Income Statement, Statement of Cash Flows, Statement of Fund Balance or Net Worth or Equity statement. Statement of revenue and expense A statement summarizes amount of profit earned minus the amount of operating expense. The statement will indicate the difference as profit or loss. The health care manager purchased some medical equipment, in which he will enter in the statement of revenue and expense; the document will show the amount of profit earned and the minus amount of operating expenses. This will clearly shows the difference as profit or loss. Revenue cycle The revenue cycle starts with meeting of customers, following any transactions during the period of transactions and continues with a  company/customer association. The salesman has brought revenue into the company. Furthermore, the salesman describe that, the Revenue Cycle beings with meeting with customers, presenting the product and closing the sale during specific time; but more important is to have a continues business relationship with company and customers. Payer mix Medical practice: Medicaid, Medicare, indemnity insurance, managed care–of monies received by a medical practice Medical organizations predict third party payer mixes so that they can precisely predict their profits for the coming term. Revenue The amount of currency that a company essentially receives during a specific period, including discounts and deductions for returned products. It is the top line or gross income figure from which costs are subtracted to define net income. The medical organization, revenue is the money received from insurance companies, payer mix that brings in from the rendered services. The medical organization usually calculates and report revenue for a quarter or a year. References Baker, J. J., Baker, R. W. (2011). Health care finance: Basic tools for nonfinancial managers (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Publishers.

A Comparison of My Last Duchess and Ulysses :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing My Last Duchess and Ulysses  Ã‚   Both of the poems, ‘My Last Duchess’ by Robert Browning and ‘Ulysses’ by Alfred Lord Tennyson, are examples of dramatic monologues, in that they solely consist of the speech of the protagonist. As a result, they have few or, in the case of ‘My Last Duchess’, only one stanza. Many enjambed lines and many irregularities in the basic form of iambic pentameter also hide the rhyming couplets in this poem. ‘My Last Duchess’ is set in Renaissance Italy and is the Duke of Ferrara talking to a servant of his prospective father-in-law, about a painting of his former wife. The narrator of ‘Ulysses’ is the man in the title, an Ancient Greek hero, talking about his loathing of his regal position and his wish to travel again before his impending death. Although they are both powerful men talking about their pasts, there are noticeable differences between the two poems, both in the protagonists themselves and the poetic devices used t o present them. One of the clearest differences between Ferrara and Ulysses is the source of their power, and the kind of power that they wield. Ferrara’s power comes from his ‘nine-hundred-years-old-name’, that is, his position as the ruler of one of the many city states that make up the present-day nation of Italy. This was a position he was born into-not one which he earned. He obviously puts great value on his inherited status, as he refers to it as a ‘gift’ and objected when his wife did not consider it more precious than the gifts that other people gave to her. He considers himself to have been very generous by making her his Duchess, and he thinks that his wife should have ranked this generosity than that of others. He gives examples of other gifts which she thought of as equal in worth, such as: ‘The white mule She rode with round the terrace’ ‘The dropping of daylight in the west.' The Duke does not think that such things, which are trivial to him, should bring her the same amount of joy as the presents he bestows on her. He is also mildly jealous of the way that other things can make his wife happy. He thinks that she should love him and him alone. This is particularly shown when he refers to someone else. ‘The bough of cherries some officious fool

Amusing Ourselves to Death Synthesis essay Essay

Synthesis Essay If a question was asked, any question, today’s automatic answer is to find the solution through technology. We’ve grown dependant on the ticking of clocks, the virtual world of the internet, and the convenience of our phones. A difficult concept for us to grasp, however, is merely thirty years ago most of these did not existed. So how has this affected our minds? Have we turned our brains into a living computer, or are we so dependent on outside answers that we’ve ceased thinking for ourselves? In today’s society we’ve entered a state of ignorant bliss about how little knowledge and wisdom we truly hold. Neil Postman (1984), the author of â€Å"Amusing Ourselves to Death† and an educator, tackled the now apparent fact that unlike George Orwell’s prediction that our rights to thinking would be ripped away, Aldous Huxley’s prediction that we will gladly hand them away voluntarily has become more and more true. Both Orwell and Huxl ey are English authors. (Postman, 1984) We allow our information to be fed to us by the television which trivializes it, and the internet which blends opinion and fact together so intricately that it is intermixed beyond comprehension. Yet we process this information, we build our thoughts and opinions around what the other misinformed populous insists is fact. But we are aware of the lies and incomplete facts out there, so when the truth does come out, it is unrecognizable. Nicholas Carr (2008) wonders of our ability to separate how we think and how a computer processes input in his article â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid?† He complains of a recent inability to pay attention to books for long periods of time. He blames this on receiving his information online in quick snippets, and reading novels has become a chore to him. Carr mentions Lewis Mumford, a cultural critic, who speaks of the invention of the clock. He degrades the clock, saying â€Å"In deciding when to eat, to work, to sleep, to rise, we stopped listening to our senses and started obeying the clock.† (Carr, 2008, p. 4) Is it true that we’ve handed over not only our minds, but our bodies to technology? We are becoming slaves to o thers to feed us the information we search, and to tell us how and when to do what instinct and Mother Nature had guided us to do for hundreds of thousands of years. And we’re paying the price. For thousands of years we’ve read and written books, which helped pass down wisdom to younger generations. Books created worlds we’ve never seen, they questioned our philosophical purpose, and they  answered it. From manuals to stories, books have been handed down as a collection of knowledge; but for the first time in millennia we’re raising entire generations who have never read a novel, short story or even a poem. David McCullough (2008), author of â€Å"The Love of Learning† defines for us the difference between facts and wisdom. Data is irrelevant until we have made the judgment to make it important and learn from it. We cannot memorize facts and call ourselves learned; we must look a layer deeper and find what the facts mean to us. â€Å"Learning is acquired mainly from books, and most readily from great books.† (McCullough, 2008, p. 2) Without books we are only being fed data, numbers and words without any true meaning. (McCullough, 2008) Our ability to understand and think about problems creates an ability to understand beyond the ordinary and think c omplexly on a situation. When told the rate of a bowling ball’s fall, and the opposing force of air fighting against gravity, we can think about this and then ask something that never came up, â€Å"Why did we drop the bowling ball? Will a ten pound fall faster than an eight pound bowling ball? And what if the ball were square?† Science is built on this foundation of thought, and with our technologies answering our questions – people have stopped asking the questions all together. In the article â€Å"O Americano, Outra Vez!† written by Richard P. Feynman, an American scientist and educator, the consequences of learning but never understanding concepts was made clear. In Brazil they taught physics as young as elementary school, however not a single student taught by Feynman in Brazil seemed to be able to comprehend what the words meant beyond just data. (Feynman, 1985) This inability to have opinions and questions over facts we learn impedes our ability to really understand what we learn. Because of the convenience of information today we’ve stopped asking if this needs verification. We’ve become lazy in our advancement, and expect that sort of work and authentication to be done by someone who we may say is â€Å"smarter than I†. What today’s society doesn’t seem to understand is that this attitude has stunted our growth as the human race, and we are reaching a stalemate of blissful ignorance, much as Huxley predicted. But this is not to say technology is the sole root of our decreasing intelligence. The blame lies namely in our attitude towards the world of information that lies in our gadgets. Rather than utilizing this sort of resource as a layer of foundation to go beyond in discovery in a way that  was impossible before, we let the endless array of data sit there only to be utilized at our discretion, which is not often. This state of unintelligence is not incurable, and perhaps turning to the root of knowledge and wisdom that has accumulated over our history, otherwise known as books, can turn around our ability to simply think . A book has the amazing capability to let us read in between the lines, and gives us the ability to absorb information much more efficiently than this â€Å"skimming† we find ourselves doing when facing screens. We engage our minds when reading a book, and discover new ideas in every novel, short story and poem. And maybe all we need is to reawaken this amazing brain power we have long forgotten to use the information our technology hands us to the best of our ability. Our brain retains a wonderful ability to maintain enormous amount of information, and however much knowledge we may lack we can always remedy this by settling down with a good book. While our computers, phones, and television and provide an almost endless stream of pure data to us, we must learn how to properly utilize this information to the best of our benefit. We can choose to think logically with the knowledge handed to us, and to continue our growth. The world can carry on its advancements to improve the lives of all that inhabit it, but only if the individual continues progressing. William J. Perry, Jr. (1970) said it best in his article â€Å"Examsmanship and the Liberal Arts† when he defined the words bull and cow. Bull is information that has relevancies but have minimal to no data to back it up, and cow has data but no relevancies. (Perry, 1970) Our technology is full of cow, and our minds are full of bull. Once we can find a way to combine these forces, we will never stop progressing. Perry (1970) summed the dangers of a chronic â€Å"cow†, â€Å"These are delicate matters. As for cow, its complexities are not what need concern us. Unlike good bull, it does not represent partial knowledge at all. It belongs to a different theory of knowledge entirely. In our theories of knowledge it represents total ignorance, or worse yet, a knowledge downright inimical to understanding. I even go so far as to propose that w e award no more C’s for cow. To do so is rarely, I feel, the act of mercy it seems. Mercy lies in clarity.† (p. 8) Perry is arguing we must first become aware of and recognizing cow, and to correct it upon sight. This requires we learn to learn, which means we should delve our minds into books and others personal wisdom and experience. In only this  method can we expand our own minds and become aware of cow, or bull, and teach ourselves to think beyond what is given to us. We learn to analyze and experiment, and in this manner we can progress into a better future – not only for ourselves, but for future generations. WORK CITED Carr, Nicholas. (2008). Is Google Making Us Stupid? [PDF document]. Retrieved from: https://byui.brainhoney.com/Frame/Component/CoursePlayer?enrollmentid=1491373 Feynman, Richard. (1985). O Americano, Outra Vez! [PDF document]. Retrieved from: https://byui.brainhoney.com/Frame/Component/CoursePlayer?enrollmentid=1491373 McCullough, David. (2008). The Love of Learning [PDF document]. Retrieved from: https://byui.brainhoney.com/Frame/Component/CoursePlayer?enrollmentid=1491373 Perry, William. (1970). Examsmanship and the Liberal Arts [PDF document]. Retrieved from https://byui.brainhoney.com/Frame/Component/CoursePlayer?enrollmentid=1491373 Postman, Neil. (1984). Amusing Ourselves to Death [PDF document]. Retrieved from https://byui.brainhoney.com/Frame/Component/CoursePlayer?enrollmentid=1491373

Choices: Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Essay

What is happening in each poem? How do they compare and contrast? What is the main idea to both poems? The poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a very sentimental poem, because it is about a choice. On the other hand, the poem â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† is about the choice that someone made already. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken† the person chose to take a road with an unknown ending, and is less traveled. Moreover, the writer was letting people know that sometimes taking the less traveled path makes a huge difference. The evidence I found was â€Å"I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference. (Frost, 2008)† This poem is basically about a life choice, because sometimes people comes to a fork in the road, and they have to decide which way is better for them. However, sometimes people do not make the right choice, but it’s a life lesson to be learned. In â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† the writer was talking about slowing down to enjoy life. Too many people try to get caught up in life, but if they would just slow down and look around they might feel relaxed and safe. The evidence that I found to make me believe this poem was are slowing down for life was â€Å"To watch his woods fill up with snow, (Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, 2008)† and â€Å"The woods are lovely, dark and deep (Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, 2008)†. Both poems compare to one another, because one is about making a choice while the other is about enjoying it. Those poems tones were the same sad, yet hopeful, which makes me believe the writer, Robert Frost, was a very sad person full of hope, and the desire for something grater. I would recommend those poems to teenagers up to adults, because that is when life starts taking hold, and that is when choices become.

DBQ- Jacksonian Democrazy essays

DBQ- Jacksonian Democrazy essays During his presidency in the 1820s and the 1830s, Jackson had four main goals. He tried to act as a guardian of the United States Constitution, provide political democracy, protect and promote individual liberty, and provide equality of economic opportunity. In reality, Jackson did little to guard the constitution of the United States, and only provided political democracy to the extent of free, white, landowning males. Jackson only protected individual liberty to the extent of the common man, even though jacksonians viewed themselves as the protectors of the Individual liberties of everyone. Providing an economic opportunity for everyone is the only thing the jacksonian democrats lived up to. Jackson was a plantation owner in the south, and believed in slavery. If Jackson truly was a guardian of the United States constitution, slavery should not have been a part of his life, and he should have worked to abolish it. Also, Jackson destroyed the bank of the United States, If Jackson was a strict constructionist, nowhere in the constitution does it give him the power to destroy anything that the congress created or passed. He also almost completely ignored the entire nullification crisis, which could have torn the nation apart. Although he provided political democracy to some extent, he didnt provide it to all the citizens of the United States. Women still did not have the right to vote, as neither did minority groups. In protecting and promoting individual liberty, Jackson only provided for the common man. Once again, only free white males had the rights to vote and own land. Jackson completely ignored minority groups, he did nothing to help abolish slavery and sent the Indians on the trail of tears. In providing an economic opportunity for everyone, Jackson destroyed the bank of the United States and created pet banks, which only served the purposes of the common man. Minority groups were still being ignored. ...

How the Compromise of 1850 Helped Delay the Civil War

How the Compromise of 1850 Helped Delay the Civil War The Compromise of 1850 was a series of five bills intended to stave off sectional strife that passed during  Millard Fillmores  presidency.  With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the end of the Mexican-American War, all the Mexican-owned territory between California and Texas was given to the United States. This included parts of New Mexico and Arizona. In addition, portions of Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and Colorado were ceded to the US. The question that arose was what to do with slavery in these territories. Should it be allowed or forbidden? The issue was extremely important to both free and slave states because of the balance of power in terms of voting blocs in the US Senate and House of Representatives.   Henry Clay as Peacemaker Henry Clay was a Whig Senator from Kentucky. He was nicknamed The Great Compromiser due to his efforts at helping bring these bills to fruition along with previous bills such as the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise Tariff of 1833. He personally owned slaves which he would later free in his will. However, his motivation in passing these compromises, especially the 1850 compromise, was to avoid the Civil War. Sectional strife was becoming more and more confrontational. With the addition of new territories and the question of whether they would be free or slave territories, the need for a compromise was the only thing that at that time would have averted outright violence. Realizing this, Clay enlisted the help of Democratic Illinois Senator, Stephen Douglas who would eight years later be involved in a series of debates with Republican opponent Abraham Lincoln.   Clay, backed by Douglas, proposed five resolutions on January 29, 1850, which he hoped would bridge the gap between Southern and Northern interests. In April of that year, a Committee of Thirteen was created to consider the resolutions. On May 8th, the committee led by Henry Clay proposed the five resolutions combined into an omnibus bill. The bill did not receive unanimous support. Opponents on both sides were not happy with the compromises including southerner John C. Calhoun and northerner William H. Seward. However, Daniel Webster put his considerable weight and verbal talents behind the bill. Nonetheless, the combined bill failed to win support in the Senate. Thus, the supporters decided to separate the omnibus bill back into five individual bills. These were eventually passed and signed into law by President Fillmore.   The Five Bills of the Compromise of 1850   The goal of the Compromise bills was to deal with the spread of slavery to territories in order to keep northern and southern interests in balance. The five bills included in the Compromises put the following into law: California was entered as a free state.New Mexico and Utah were each allowed to use popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery. In other words, the people would pick whether the states would be free or slave.The Republic of Texas gave up lands that it claimed in present-day New Mexico and received $10 million to pay its debt to Mexico.The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia.The Fugitive Slave Act made any federal official who did not arrest a runaway slave liable to pay a fine. This was the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850 and caused many abolitionists to increase their efforts against slavery. The Compromise of 1850 was key in delaying the start of the Civil War until 1861. It temporarily lessened the rhetoric between northern and southern interests, thereby delaying secession for 11 years. Clay died of tuberculosis in 1852. One wonders what might have happened if he had still been alive in 1861.

EBP Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

EBP - Assignment Example This report features what is constituted in a healthcare model along with succinct description as well as discussed findings from the literature review (Wood, 2011). Pediatric patients and children who go through painful procedures frequently do so without the use of analgesics or psychological coping methods. Topical analgesics and non-pharmacological measures safely decrease procedure-related pain in children but are usually underutilized. Failure to reduce pain at initial procedures results to a stronger pain response when a subsequent painful procedure is administered without adequate analgesia. Implementing evidence-based multidisciplinary protocols that mitigate discomfort from procedures done to pediatric patients has been shown to be safe and effective. This protocol provides effective education, gives alternative therapies and develops policies through training (Aggarwal, 2010). This can only be achieved through early intervention and prevention, creating community awareness along with a better access to pain management services all of which are natured by a theoretical basis, EBP and defined standards. This model is developed to make sure that health professionals and nurses head in the same direction with preset goals and objectives. Strategies aimed at preventing and managing acute and chronic pain in children should be outlined early in advance. This should be accompanied with valid and comprehensive screening and assessment tools and processes (Nicholas et al. 2011). Patients should actively be involved in treatments by seeking clarifications as to why certain treatments are necessary so that the right treatment is conferred to the right patient for the right reasons (Bedard et al. 2006). Patients with chronic and acute pain can be transferred to care mode while the many of patients experiencing chronic pain are managed in the primary care sector. Some

Injustices against Slaves in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Injustices against Slaves in America - Essay Example e ends her speech by saying â€Å"cried out with my mother’s grief† and one repetition of â€Å"ain’t I a woman.† This leaves her audience with a clear image of the violence she faced during slavery. The audience, especially women is able to relate to her suffering more emotionally. Irony is used in her opening remark where she calls her audience â€Å"children.† This refers to the biblical reference to all human beings as God’s children. This is in bid to campaign for equality for all races and gender. She also refers to the first woman in the bible by saying â€Å"if the first woman God ever made.† This calls for unity for all women despite of the race to unite and avoid injustices against blacks. Anaphora is used when he says welcome infidelity! Welcome atheism! Welcome anything! The repetition of the word ‘welcome’ in these phrases signifies the injustices that have been encouraged by religion. The law has gone against the religion it should protect. He finishes the speech with a climax by reciting a poem to give hope to the blacks in America. The poem encourages the slaves by saying that God will bring justice to the country. This justice will liberate them from oppression. Douglass uses sarcasm by referring to the declaration of independence as â€Å"that.† This shows the difference between the free white people and the oppressed black slaves. He uses irony when he refers to America as young. He says â€Å"your nation is so young, seventy six years.† The use of â€Å"your† in the statement shows the difference between the whites and the black slaves. He uses personification by saying â€Å"America is young, and she is still in the impressible stage of her existence.† This gives the country the personality of a woman. According to the declaration of independence... Douglass uses sarcasm by referring to the declaration of independence as â€Å"that.† This shows the difference between the free white people and the oppressed black slaves. He uses irony when he refers to America as young. He says â€Å"your nation is so young, seventy-six years.† The use of â€Å"your† in the statement shows the difference between the whites and the black slaves. He uses personification by saying â€Å"America is young, and she is still in the impressible stage of her existence.† This gives the country the personality of a woman. According to the declaration of independence, â€Å"all men are created equal, and are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights†. This is ironic since the whites in America had more rights than the blacks. He uses cacophony to refer to the British government for the injustices against the black people in America. He refers to them as blind tyrants that have persisted with injustices since pharaoh and his people drowned in the red sea. Personification is seen when he refers to Washington to live until he has broken the chains of his slaves. Washington had broken the frame of the founders by enslaving others. Rhetoric questions appear when he asks â€Å"what have I to do with your national independence?† he separates himself and other black slaves from the independence of America. According to him, only the whites can celebrate independence. The phrase â€Å"fellow-citizens† has been used in several paragraphs. This repetition refers to all Americans to push for equality for all races in the country.

Foreign Direct Investment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Foreign Direct Investment - Assignment Example In other words, FDI inflows might supplement the limited financial resources which retard the growth of an economy. Moreover, FDI inflows could assist in technology transfers that could prove to be more efficient in terms of production and thus, be of high assistance to the developing economies especially in case of LDCs (Assadourian, 2005). On the other hand, too much dependence upon FDIs for economic development, from a particular host nation might turn detrimental in case that the latter exploits the former on such grounds. In addition, the recipient country also suffers if FDI inflows invigorate production processes which ultimately injure the environment. Moreover, in case the benefits of FDI inflows trickle down to any particular segment of the economy only, possibilities of social uprisings grow intense among those who are not directly benefitted out of the same (OECD, 2002). FDI outflows could be turn to be beneficial for the source economy through boosting its current accoun t position in terms of profit returns from sales made in the host economy. Moreover, prospects of rise in employment are also multiplied in the source economy when the raw materials produced in the host nation are brought in for manufacture of final goods. Lastly, technology and skill from the host nation are also passed into the home country, thus benefitting the latter. One of the highest costs incurred in FDI outflows is that of capital account deficits owing to a massive outflow in the initial phase. Secondly, the home country suffers from a current account deficit if the purpose of FDI outflow is to import low-cost raw materials (Vaidya, 2006). Determinants of FDI The primary factors which determine the flow of... The primary factors which determine the flow of FDI within an economy are – †¢ At the face of competition, the foreign investors often consider foreign investment to be beneficial for their long run growths against their rivals. Such a measure could help them in securing their foothold in a non-domestic market. †¢ Such measures are often adopted in order to maintain a long term relationship which might prove to be profitable in the future, either in terms of a sustained flow of cost efficient inputs or technology. Moreover, a long term commitment could be advantageous at times of bargain as well. †¢ In addition, involvement in new product in a foreign market is associated with economies of moving in first (Moosa, 2002). Answer to Question 2 The association between openness to trade and economic growth of an economy is a highly debatable topic. There exist theories as well as empirical evidences supporting and opposing the facts, so that the applicability of any one of them cannot be asserted in the true sense of the term. One robust theory which could be raised in support of the hypothesis is that lower the degree of trade restrictions in an economy, higher will be the inflow of export revenues in the nation which in turn boosts the national income of the economy. Moreover, abolition of restrictions over trade such as import tariffs or export quotas could help in extracting the benefits of comparative advantage which is beneficial in lowering the cost of production.

Analyse How an Adaptation of Your Choice Deals with Gender - Catwoman Essay Example for Free

Analyse How an Adaptation of Your Choice Deals with Gender Catwoman Essay The representation of female super heroes in the media can be said to have had huge institutional, political and social influences that would suggest those in power are favoured at the expense of those without. Female super heroes tend to promote sexualisation and stereotypical gender roles of women, throughout comic books and super hero movies, but why? In this essay I will look at the character of Catwoman, and her representation as a female, particularly in the 2004 adaptation film â€Å"Catwoman†. Originally, she is an iconic character in the batman series. Created in 1940 by Bob Kane (batman creator) and Bill Finger, she has had a strong presence in batman comics and adaptations since then. Her role as a mysterious burglar and jewel thief led her to just miss out on a place in the top ten, ranking 11th in IGN’s ‘Top 100 comic book Villains of all time’ (2009) and 51st in Wizard magazines ‘100 greatest villains of all time’ list (2006). The character has been used in hundreds of comic books, as well as video games, radio stations, TV series, animated series and films. Although she is featured in mostly batman productions and texts, Catwoman was given her first comic book series in 1993, written mostly by Jim Balent. Several years down the line, Catwoman stared as the lead role in the feature film, made in 2004. The movie was an example of post feminism at its best, as in the 1970’s, only 15% of action adventure movies cast female leads. The movie was directed by Pitof and was released on July 23 by Warner Bros. and Village Roadshow Pictures. The cast members include Halle Berry, who plays Catwoman, Benjamin Bratt, Sharon Stone and Frances Conroy. I have chosen to analyse this movie because females are not usually given dominant roles in superhero movies, especially as the lead character. There are many stereotypes that surround women, and I believe this movie challenges those. The film was inspired by the DC comics villain of the same name, however stars a new character, Patience Phillips. There are several similarities to the original character. For example, she has similar office job and is killed by someone she works for. In the 1992 movie staring Michelle Pfeiffer, she uncovers a dark secret in the company and is thrown to her death from a great height. The plot for the more recent movie is very like its predecessor. In both versions she is brought back to life by a group of wild cats. However the most relevant similarity is her appearance and costume. Throughout the film, Catwoman is dressed in a tight black latex costume, black connoting mystery and evil. This material is often associated with sexuality; it clings to her body and shows off her curves. Over the years her costumes have become even more provocative, with this Catwoman being more fetish than ever. These clothes represent Catwoman as a sexual image to be looked at by the opposite sex. Laura Mulvey describes this as the Male Gaze. She explains In their traditional exhibitionist role, women are simultaneously looked at and displayed with their appearance, coded for strong visual and erotic impact so it can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness. (1975, p33). It is arguable that woman in the genre of action, drama and super hero are not represented as women, rather an object of sexual desire. The women featured in such genres are slim, pretty, and all wear tight clothing. Lillian Robinson refers to woman super heroes as a pin up girl in a cape, rather than genuine characters (2006). The skimpy outfit has great erotic significance (Richard Reynolds 1994) and could create a negative portrayal of females, as well as being a very bad influence for the young women and girls who watch the movie, or read the comics. Clearly, the media heavily influences teenagers already. They follow the latest fashion trends from celebrities, coolest haircuts, and they diet and loose weight to look like the people they see on TV and in magazines. They look up to the people in the media, and the image of Halle Berry in the cat suit, may encourage young girls to objectify themselves in a similar way. Already, Playboy as a brand has become a fashionable thing, for young girls even at the age of 8. They have the playboy bunny pencil cases, posters and duvet covers. Just like this, cat woman may encourage youthful girls to dress inappropriately with increased sexuality. Even Catwoman’s make-up connotes sexualisation. Her lips are painted scarlet red, which draws your attention straight to her mouth, as well as being the colour of lust to stimulate sexual arousal. This idea is due to the fact men and women have more blood flowing through their lips whilst aroused, turning them a darker shade. Halle Berry was most likely cast because of her beauty. Her eyes, lips, body and sex appeal come before everything else in the movie, (Roger Ebert, 2006). The director of this movie has chosen to portray her as an object of sexual desire for men, rather than a role model for the power and liberation of women. Typical of Hollywood movies, the overtly sexualised view of women is rooted in the darkest chamber of male desire, (Kevin Maher, 2005). She appears powerful and dominant, however, she is in fact the opposite, and inferior to the gaze of men. Laura Mulvey says in her book Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema, Women as image, men as bearer of the look, (1975). Personally this idea is predictable and brings nothing new to the genre. Wonder Woman first appeared on screen wearing a gold bra and blue knickers, and in those 36 years gone by, you have to ask yourself, why do superheroes need to be dressed so provocatively? Why can’t the action hero fight crime and ‘kick ass’ in a baggy jumper and a pair of dungarees? Kevin Maher, 2005). I believe the reason behind this is due to the fact that the representation of characters such as Catwoman and Wonder Woman where created by those with power over women. The institution DC comics created both in the 1940’s, which was largely if not entirely controlled by men. Women had no control over their creation and as powerful as Catwoman may be, she is still just an image of the male gaze. Created in a time where females had no authority, they where not able to argue against what could be considered as an unfair representation. Angelia McRobbie has a theory in defence of this sexualised representation, and believes men did not create this image. Women have gained the equality they where fighting for, and now they are using their assets to their advantages. In this case, Catwoman is willingly showing of her body to attract the male gaze, because it gives her power over men. She summarises that post feminism positively draws on and invokes feminism, (1994). However it’s not all negative, Over time things have changed, the presence of female leads in the super hero genre has increased, and to an extent therefore, time has favoured the female lead. Some 50 years ago, males where seen as the hero, there to protect the fragile women. Superman and Lois Lane are a classic example of where the lead role is given to a man, he is strong and courageous, while Lois is inferior to him, she has no special abilities and relies on him completely. However, the number of women in this genre proves a success for the feminist woman and an improvement in today’s society. Iconic actresses such as Angelina Jolie and Uma Thurman have stared as the female lead in modern action movies. Lara Croft, Tomb Raider and Kill Bill are both examples of woman taking active roles, and how accepting it is in this particular genre. Jolie also stared in Mr and Mrs Smith, which showed her as an equal to her husband, just as strong and just as capable of fulfilling the dominant lead. Catwoman has evolved over time, first known as The Cat in DC comics; she then progressed onto TV screens. Her sexual appearance made her an object of desire to the eyes of the male audience, and a role model to girls who wanted to be her, Suzan Colon (2004). In the Halle Berry adaptation, Catwoman is reborn a new woman, sleek, sexy, ambitious and not held back by the restraints of society. She is rebellious and follows her own desires as a feline crime fighter. This representation of Catwoman forces the question that perhaps contemporary women are constrained by the rules of society and are not free. Catwoman challenges the female stereotype and adopts the masculine lead role in this superhero movie. She is a protagonist, independent and capable of standing alone. A crucial scene in the movie shows Catwoman arguing with a large masculine looking man. She demands he turn down his music, which results in her physically attacking him. The argument ends with him lying on the floor with her foot on top of him. This scene portrays her as superior to the man, and the physical pose makes him vulnerable to her. This scene is important, because when she was her human self, known as Patience, the man would not listen to her. As Catwoman, her voice is heard. Simone de Beauvior Invokes ‘the independent women’ who wants to be active, wants to take things for themselves and refuses the passivity men try and want to impose on her. The modern woman accepts masculine values; she prides herself on thinking, getting a job and working to pay her own way, existing on the same terms as man, (1949). Catwoman does exactly that. She completely demolishes feminine stereotypes at the end of the movie when she rejects the love interest and chooses to be a free independent woman. She is not reliant on anyone, especially a man and because of that, I believe this movie demonstrates a victory for women. â€Å"Freedom is power† (Catwoman, 2004). Motivated by revenge, no man stands in her way. However another scene tells a very different story and shows off Catwoman as purely a vision of sexual desire. As she is transformed from patience Phillips, into Catwoman, supposedly now free and independent, we are reminded of her physical qualities. ‘Reminded’ is an understatement actually; it’s thrown in our faces. As she walks across a rooftop the camera angle starts from her feet, moves up her legs and to the top of her body. Paying particular attention to her bum, first impressions are everything! This scene completely confirms Mulvey’s theory, and as Liz Wells suggests, certain films objectify the female star, (2004). However Catwoman is not the only dominant female in this movie. Hedare Beauty is the company Patience works for, and is run by a man named George, or so you are made to believe. Yet in fact, the one calling all the shots is his wife, Laurel. She is controlling the strings of her puppet husband and forces him to her way of thinking. She is an evil, sinister character, full of greed, and in the end she kills her husband in cold blood. She is the villain in this movie, but also a woman in power and free from the constraints of society. In the early 1970’s, after the second wave of feminism, more women were gaining better professions and breaking out of the stereotypical roles. The post modern figure of a female became more appealing to both genders, and resulted in women wanting to achieve higher status in the world of work. An example of such acceptance was seen in the recently released song by male pop artist Ne-Yo, called ‘Miss Independent’. This continues the suggestion of the need for change in the way female super heroes where represented in order to capture the post-modern audience. Catwoman and Laurel Hedare are both great examples of female presence in superhero movies and the result of female empowerment. Judith Butler brings an interesting theory to the table. She believes gender is free floating, rather than fixed, that males and females aren’t simply masculine and feminine. She says that gender is a performance, rather than an aspect of our identity and we behave differently on different occasions. This theory suggests Catwoman isn’t necessarily challenging gender roles by taking on the masculine super hero, but rather an act she’s choosing to play. Women can be masculine because the individual chooses their gender identity. â€Å"When the constructed status of gender is theorized as radically independent of sex, gender itself becomes a free floating artifice, with the consequence that man and masculine might just as easily signify a female body as a male one, and woman and feminine a male body as easily as a female one† (Judith Butler, 1990, p6). Interestingly she suggests that if there where no longer conventional roles for either gender it would be considered the norm for a woman to be in a position of power at work or for a man to stay at home looking after the children. After looking into the history of Catwoman, her creation, and other adaptations in the past, I believe her image is over sexualised. The film is centralised around a beautiful woman, wearing the sexy, tight black costume to do none other than attract male attention. They do however promote that she is a powerful woman and has the freedom to do as she pleases. The fact that a female is the lead role in a movie of this genre is a positive thing. Although the message left behind is that to have freedom and power, you have to entail being objectified. In the end, this movie has done the same as its predecessors, portray woman in a sexualised, unrealistic and in a possibly insulting way.

Teaching Children How to Discriminate Essay -- Papers Disney Discrimin

Teaching Children How to Discriminate Rosina Lippi-Green's article "Teaching Children How to Discriminate - What We Learn From The Big Bad Wolf" (1997) examines the discrimination and stereotypes toward different race, ethnicity, gender, religion, nationality and region that Disney presents in their animated films. Lippi-Green also points out the use or misuse of foreign accents in films, television and the entertainment industry as a whole. Such animated films are viewed mainly by children. Lippi-Green makes a central argument in which she says that children are taught to discriminate through the portrayal of the different accented characters in Disney films. Lippi-Green maintains her argument by concentrating on "three aspects of language use in Disney films" (87) that she had found through watching the different animated films made by Disney. She had viewed twenty-four films multiple times and analyzed characters from such movies for their use of different language in automatically creating a character. On page eighty- seven of her article she gives us her main points: the portrayal of African-Americans in the Disney films; "the way certain groups are represented---particularly lovers and mothers" (87) and the manipulation of French accents that can be considered as a positive stereotype but can result as to being "negative and limiting" (87) for that particular culture. Lippi-Green gives an in-depth look at the negative portrayal of African-Americans in Disney animations. She acknowledged the fact that the cartoon characters that have connotations to be from an African descent, are voiced over by actors that are also of African descent. These actors and the animated characters spoke in "African-American Ver... ...rtatious, and mainly associated with food. Even the character names such as "Cherie and Lumiere" of "Beauty and the Beast" promotes the romantic nature that the French are stereotyped for. Through the representation of this culture, children would only learn to associate the mentioned stereotypes toward the French and only that. They would not consider other characteristics that the French are also known for, not necessarily the romance and the great French cuisine that we already know of. Having said this, what Disney produced as a harmless depiction of the French, could furthermore fuel of what could be viewed as a limiting representation of the French culture. Bibliography: Lippi-Green "Teaching Children To Discriminate" Hampton, Hampton Bluebbeell 1990

Critisism of the microcredit if NGOs in Bangladesh

The criticism of microcircuit programs of Nags in Bangladesh A research paper exercised by M. Hoses suicide MS Roll no. 09122453 session: 2012-13 Department of Economics Satiny Kabuki Kaki Unusual Islam University. Email address: [email  protected] Com Rant Johan Roll no. 09122444 Email address: Acknowledgement It is a great honor for us to work on the assigned topic and we feel glad to accomplish our task. Along with our sincerity and interest, there are few people, who really helped us to make this endeavor to be a successful one.At first, we would like to pass our appreciation, gratitude and thanks to our honorable teacher MD. Backchat Duding. His valuable suggestions and ideas in every step of our work helped us a lot to prepare this paper. Special thanks are due to the people of Trials Apical for helping us in collecting the required data for the work. Finally, we acknowledge the profound blessings and kindness of the almighty. Abstract The present study explores the criticism of the microcircuit programs of Nags in the Trials Apical under Enmeshing district. Here, we use primary data which we collect through field survey.And we found out that there has some problem of microcircuit program of Nags. This paper also examines empirically the impact of credited on the study area and found out that the interest rate of Nags is very high. This study also discusses and suggests ways to overcome the problem. So we structured this paper as follows. The first two sections of the paper provide the introduction, objective and explain the research methodology. Section three outlines the literature review. Section four explains the overall condition of the microcircuit program of Nags in the study area and also in case of Bangladesh.And section finally provides recommendation and concluding remarks. Key words: Nags, Microcircuit, interest rate, efficiency of credit, socioeconomic notation. Background of the study: Bangladesh, a country located in the south-east Asian region, inhabits above 160 million people in 55. 598 sq. Mile. And Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries, remains a poor, overpopulated, and inefficiently governed national. And poverty is the main problem of this country. Now a large number of Nags (Non Governmental Organization) are working to alleviate the poverty of the masses.They have played a very significant role in opening up access to credit for the poor people in distant areas. During the last three decades the idea of microcircuit helps poor people to build businesses, increase their income and also fight against poverty. Microcircuit has been introduced to rural communities in Bangladesh as a means of economic and social development. But in some cases microcircuit programs of Nags was not so satisfactory. We study about the negative impact of Nags of Trials Apical under Enmeshing district.The total population of this area is 372498 where a total area is 338. 98 sq. Km and 43. 30 percent (2005, World Bank) p eople live under poverty line. The study reveals the socio economic condition, microcircuit problem and also the positive and negative attitude of Nags in the study area. Objective of the study: The core purpose of the study is to identify the criticism of Nags operation. The specific objectives area To understanding the nature of the problem. 0 To identify the microcircuit problem of the study area. 0 To examine the effects of MONGO sector in the study area.Methodology of the study: The study is an exploratory by nature and is based on both primary and secondary data. We have collected primary data through questionnaire method. To determine the major problems of microcircuit program of Nags and socio economic condition of Trials Apical primary data was collected through field survey. And secondary data are collected from research reports, relevant published documents including books, different Journals, newspapers, magazines, website, etc that are relevant to the study. Limitation of the study: There are a number of limitations in this study.That area The respondents are limited (100 respondents or samples) in terms of size and composition. So the result may not be interpreting the overall situation of the study area. 0 The data collection was restricted only within the Trials Apical in Enmeshing district of Bangladesh which may fail to represent the actual scenario of the whole country. Sometimes respondents are biased so we cannot get appropriate data. 0 Some of the respondents are reluctant to give interview because of their experience with previous research works in the area which, according to them, bore no benefit for them.Literature review: Literature review refers the examination of other works that have done by other researchers on the criticism of microcircuit program of Nags in Bangladesh. Eave found that, in our country very few studies have been done by archduchesses Froze Begum, Salt Holmic Zamia and MD. Shania Khan(2004) studied about,†Ro le of Nags in Rural Poverty Eradication: A Bangladesh Observation†. In this paper he explores the role of Nags in poverty eradication especially in rural area of Bangladesh. He examines that how the Nags of this country are playing a positive and also negative role to the poor people.GAP, Donor Brief (No. 18, may 2004), examines about, â€Å"The Impact of Interest Rate Ceilings on Magnificence†. Here they explore that, interest rate is higher in MONGO than normal Commercial Bank rates and explain that interest rate ceilings almost always hurt the poor people. Sheikh Kabuki Duding Header, studied on â€Å"Impact of the Nags on socioeconomic conditions in Bangladesh: A study on Rajahs District†. He identify that poor people's are benefited who are engaged with MONGO. He also observed some limitations of the MONGO programs.The daily star (Dacha, Deck, 12, 2008) highlighted that, magnificence is not a panacea for poverty reduction. And here explained the serious prob lem faced by microcircuit borrowers. David Helm and Paul Mostly (1996) also studied about the impacts of microcircuit programs of Nags. They found that, poor households does not benefited from magnificence. More troubling is the findings that a vast majority of those with starting incomes below the poverty line actually ended up with sees incremental income after getting micro loans. Overview of the study: Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world.Here women are deprived by men. Many women are the victims of violence, their occupational choices are narrower and their earnings lower than men and the major portion of the women in rural Bangladesh living in abject poverty. But only a few of them get opportunity to access various types of rural enterprises that can help them to improve their economic condition. This situation has fostered the emergence of Non-Governmental Organizations (Nags). They help poor women by giving microcircuit. Now we have to discuss about microc ircuit programs of Nags in Bangladesh perspective. Present scenario of microcircuit program of Nags in Bangladesh: In Bangladesh there are several institutions which is involved in magnificence activities. Nags started credit program in mid-eighties and their activities increased noticeable higher after 1990 (CDC, 2000). There are several Nosh which giving credit to the poor people, such as- Grahame Bank, BARACK, AS, SPADE, Burro Bangladesh, ASS, Rural Reconstruction, Poppy, etc. This magnificence sector is mature now and its assets constitute around 3 percent of GAP in 2011. Total outstanding loan of this sector (only licensed Miff) has increased by 20 percent from BAT 145. Billion in June 2010 to BAT 173. 8 billion in June, 2011 disburse among 20. 7 million poor people, helping them to be sleepyhead and accelerating overall economic development process of the country. The overall trend of magnificence statistics in Bangladesh can be shown by a table- Table: Basic statistics of MON GO-Miffs in Bangladesh (As of 30 June 2011) June'2010 No of Licensed INCOMING 516 June'2011 576 Total clients(million) Borrowers(million) 25. 28 19. 21 Amount Amount of of loan savings(TX million) 145022. 6 51362. 93 26. 08 20. 65 173797. 60 63304. 4 source: MR.-MIS Database-2011 The table shows that, at the end of June'2011, the sector had outstanding loans of BAT 173. 8 billion disbursed to 20. 7 million borrowers and had accumulated BAT 63. 3 billion as savings from around 26. 10 million clients over 93 percent of them are women. Here we see that, the credit amount is more than savings amount. 0 Role of microcircuit programs of Nags in Bangladesh: Bangladesh is a member of the worlds least developed countries, having increased population density, unemployment, illiteracy, socio-communal unrest and many more.Now-a-days Nags have been playing supportive roles with the government. The role played by the Nags in Bangladesh is very good. They help poor people by giving credit faciliti es to alleviate poverty among the rural poor population. Generally, the Nags help women to empowering them. If women are empowered then their living standard also improved. We know that most of the rural peoples fight against the poverty and to get employment. And the Nags help these people by creating awareness among them, inspiring them and give credit facilities to self-employed. By these ways the Nags help for sustainable development of Bangladesh.Discussion and findings: Our study is to find out the criticism of microcircuit program of Nags in the study area. The study reveals activities about microcircuit programs of Nags in Trials Apical. The total population of this area is 372498 where a total area is 338. 98 sq. Km. But we take only 100 samples to investigate the activities of microcircuit program of Nags of the study area. The overall investigation can be expressed by following way- Table: Gender, age and educational status of the respondents Total Respondents Age group M ale Female >26 8 92 Percentage 8% 92% 13 Educational status 2650

‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’ by Karl Marx

Karl Marx developed theoretical concepts of society and its development explaining the workings of market economies and class relations. One of his main works, ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’, vividly describes the main concepts and strategic vision of Communism, socialism and class struggle. Karl Marx was concerned with how income was shared among the three great social classes: workers and capitalists. A major concern of nineteenth-century social thinking was to identify the nature of industrialization and to trace its social and political effects. Social and economic environment led to development of ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’. The era of Marx and the following decades were the era of Liberalism. During the years 1830 to 1930 the world was fast becoming an industrial society, yet its laws were based on an ideal of an agrarian society. During the second half of nineteenth century the world changed economically and socially. The book ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’ consists of four sections: Bourgeois and Proletarians, Proletarians and Communists, Socialist and Communist Literature, the Opposition parties. Each section identifies and analyzes the main concepts of new industrial and social relations and gives historical examples of these events. In this book, Marx creates the economic, social and political theory and practice, develops capitalism theory explaining the role of a class in society. What is emphasized is the market as a system of exchanges rather than as an arena of compe ­tition; the persistent association of political particies and the pacification of economic relations relies on this emphasis. In the section ‘Bourgeois and Proletarians’, Marx introduces new materialist method in contrast to idealistic one. He examines the role of labor and labor relations, explains the struggle over the division of output and wage system. According to Marx capitalism is class struggle. Increasing polarization of the population divides it into two great classes, the bourgeoisie (capitalist) and the proletariat (workers). Marx states that â€Å"The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilization† (Marx n.d.). In this situation, classes not only are the links be ­tween levels rather tight; they are unidirec ­tional, the causal flow going from economic structure through consciousness to action. Marx portrays that over time the two great classes directly facing each other defined by how they stand to the relations of production, gradually conso ­lidate under capitalism, absorbing other classes within them, developing class consciousness and industrial and political organizations, and in due course fight out a revolutionary conflict (Marx, n.d.). Marx explains the role of â€Å"the means of production† and â€Å"exchange† of goods in market economy. Marx states: â€Å"The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property† (Marx n.d.). The class struggle is explained as opposition between working class and the class of capitalists. Also, it is struggle of lower socioeconomic classes with higher socioeconomic classes. Given the irreconcilable conflict of interests between capital and labor, the outstanding feature of capitalist society is struggle based on historical development and new production modes. Also, Marx describes the relations and interconnection between capital and labor wages, the nature of competition and a revolutionary class. The second section of the book describes relationships between communists and the working class. Marx gives an overview of a communist society free from oppression, antagonism and exploitation. According to Marx, an ideal society should be classless. Marx states: â€Å"communism deprives no man of the power to appropriate the products of the society; all that it does is to deprive him of the power to subjugate the labor of others by means of such appropriations† (Marx n.d.). He criticizes land ownership and supports the state ownership. The main points of his program for the classless society are: abolition of property in land; progressive or graduated income tax; confiscation of emigrants’ property, importance of the centralized state bank, centralization of communication and transport, all should be equally obliged to work, leveling the differences between the town and country, free education for children (Marx, n.d.). Marx underlines that the differences between classes should be diminished in order to reach classless community. Moreover, and in consequence, there is no overall story of a development through time from class structure through class conscious ­ness to class action, nor any underlying theory of ‘class interests' that could explain such a development: the historical possibilities are far more open and indeterminate. â€Å"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation† (Marx n.d.). The focus at each class is also much broader: at the structural level, it encompasses not only productive relations but also the sphere of circulation and market positions; and at the levels of consciousness and action, and the spheres of consumption and distri ­bution as well as work and politics. Marx states that ‘political power’ should be used as ‘the organized power’ which protects â€Å"one class for oppressing another† (Marx n.d.). Also, Marx defines classes by their modes of collective action and shows how rights to productive resources, credentials, party membership, lineage, etc., can all be distinct bases for social closure in the struggle. Marx identifies the way of the transition from socialism to communism and advantages of the classless society. In the third section, â€Å"Socialist and Communist Literature†, Marx describes the differences between socialist and communist literature. He criticizes socialist trends and approaches such as Feudal Socialism, Petty-Bourgeois Socialism, Critical-Utopian Socialism, etc. This section is based on historical examples and analysis of social development and driven forces of class development. For instance, he explains the emergence of ‘petty bourgeoisie’ as a new class â€Å"fluctuating between proletariat and bourgeoisie† (Marx, n.d.). But their generally determinist attitude led them into a certain political passivity. Most of them anticipated socialist consciousness originating outside the working class. Marx underlines that German socialism is based on the struggle â€Å"against feudal aristocracy† (Marx, n.d.). A major concern of this thinking is to identify the nature of these relations and to trace their social and political effects. Speaking about Conservative or Bourgeois Socialism Marx states: â€Å"The bourgeoisie naturally conceives the world in which it is supreme to be the best† (Marz, n.d.). They distinguish society by its characteristic modes of production and economic life. However, what is thought to distinguish the society is not solely a new mode of production, but a new social imperative – the changing distribution of economic and social resources. Marx criticizes Critical-Utopian Socialism stating that such philosophers and economists as Fourier, Saint-Simon and Owen make a mistake taking into account only the ‘early undeveloped period’. This historical and social vision limits their understanding of the historical process and forces them †to consider themselves far superior to all class antagonisms† (Marx, n.d.). These theories can be thought of as ranged along a continuum whose poles can be neatly seen as occupied by the classical posi ­tions respectively. Not only are the links be ­tween levels rather tight; they are unidirec ­tional, the causal flow going from economic structure through consciousness to action. The fourth section gives overview of communist struggle and its impact on workers consciousness. Marx gives examples of four countries: France, Switzerland, Poland and Germany as the main countries where communism flourishes. The visible change in the attitudes to parties constitutes progress towards democracy and classless society. â€Å"In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order of things† (Marx, n.d.). Accordingly, Communism presupposes the continued political significance of integrated patterns of thought whose outlines follow the historical doctrines of different parties. To understand Communism and its relations with working class it is necessary to take account of the institutions and parties involved, their ideologies and motives; it is necessary to consider not only the legal dimensions but also the behavioral dimensions of classes. Marx restates: â€Å"Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution† (Marx, n.d.). In sum, the book documents in detail how the economic position of classes have been developed. Given the irreconcilable conflict of interests between capital and labor, Marx vividly portrays that the outstanding feature of capitalist society is class conflict. One of the sharpest contradic ­tions of capitalism was precisely that between the social character of production and the individualist basis of ownership. Marx underlines that social conflict was a feature of the transition between older and newer social orders, world perception and values, and materialistic understanding of the world. Communism was professed by the major tendencies which emerged during the nineteenth century, and the most common classification schemes for ideologies build upon this historical material. References 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Manifesto of the Communist Party (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm [accessed 1 Dec 2006]